Fringe Benefits

Employers may get more flexibility under proposed regulations the IRS issued on August 11, 2026, addressing dependent care assistance programs and employer Trump account contribution programs. The proposed rules implement provisions of Public Law 119-21 (commonly known as the One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act), which created Trump accounts and Trump account contribution programs.

The key takeaways: average-benefits testing may become easier; Trump account contributions remain subject to FICA and FUTA taxes; employers may rely on some employee certifications in administering the porgrams; and written plan, notice, and reporting procedures will matter.

The IRS proposal follows earlier Department of Labor guidance in Technical Release 2026-02. DOL generally concluded that neither Trump accounts nor employer contribution programs are “employee pension benefit plans” covered by Title I of ERISA, which may make some employers more comfortable adopting the programs.

Continue Reading IRS Issues Proposed Regulations on Dependent Care Assistance Programs and Trump Accounts

After being passed by the House of Representatives, this year’s reconciliation bill (H.R. 1) moved to the Senate, which passed its own version of the legislation today, July 1.  The Senate bill would preserve without significant change many tax-related items from the House bill.  There are several provisions…

Continue Reading Senate Reconciliation Bill Drops Unpopular UBTI Proposal for Transportation Fringes

Early this morning, the House of Representatives passed a reconciliation bill that would enact significant tax provisions and spending cuts.  The House Bill (H.R. 1) now heads to the Senate, where changes are likely before passage.  This article is one of a series of articles discussing various proposals in the legislation that touch on tax withholding, reporting, and fringe benefits.

The House Bill expands two credits designed to help employers cover the cost of employer-provided child care and paid family and medical leave.

Continue Reading House Reconciliation Bill Would Extend Tax Credits for Family and Medical Leave and Child Care

The House of Representatives continues work on a reconciliation bill that would enact significant tax provisions and spending cuts.  The various legislative committees have completed work on the areas of the bill within their jurisdiction, including the Ways and Means Committee, which proposed language that would enact $3.8 trillion in tax cuts over the next ten years.  Over the weekend, the House Budget Committee consolidated the legislation, and the House Bill is now before the Rules Committee, where a managers’ amendment may be considered before it heads to the House floor.  This article is one of a series of articles discussing various proposals in the legislation that touch on tax withholding, reporting, and fringe benefits.

The House Bill would make changes to section 127 to extend the tax-free treatment of employer student loan payments, which is currently set to expire at the end of 2025, and adjust the annual limit on tax-free educational assistance that may be provided under that section.

Continue Reading House Reconciliation Bill Would Extend Tax Break for Employer Student Loan Payments Through Educational Assistance Plans

The House of Representatives continues work on a reconciliation bill that would enact significant tax provisions and spending cuts.  The various legislative committees have completed work on the areas of the bill within their jurisdiction, including the Ways and Means Committee, which proposed language that would enact $3.8 trillion in tax cuts over the next ten years.  Over the weekend, the House Budget Committee consolidated the legislation and the House Bill is now before the Rules Committee, where a managers’ amendment may be considered before it heads to the House floor.  This article is one of a series of articles discussing various proposals in the legislation that touch on tax withholding, reporting, and fringe benefits.

Among other changes to the Internal Revenue Code, two of the House Bill’s changes revisit measures included in the 2017 tax reform package (commonly referred to as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”) addressing commuter benefits provided by employers.

Continue Reading What’s Old is New Again: House Bill Would Resurrect UBTI for Tax-Exempt Organization Transportation Fringes, Make Permanent Suspension of Bicycle Commuting Reimbursement Exclusion

On April 16, 2024, the IRS issued fact sheet FS-2024-13 providing answers to frequently asked questions  about the tax treatment of work-life referral services provided to employees under an employer’s work-life referral program. The FAQs clarify that, under certain circumstances, the value received from work-life referral services provided to employees…

Continue Reading IRS Issues FAQs Addressing Tax Treatment of Work-Life Referral Services Provided to Employees

In February, a U.S. Tax Court opinion in Anikeev v. Commisioner  addressed challenging issues regarding the IRS’s existing policy with respect to the taxation of credit card rewards and other rebates.  The case involves Mr. and Mrs. Anikeev, each of whom held a Blue Cash American Express Card (“Blue Card”) during 2013 and 2014, on which they accumulated a substantial amount of reward dollars through the use of their cards.  At issue in Anikeev is whether the reward dollars were taxable income to the Anikeevs.  Basing its decision on longstanding IRS policy, the court determined that the overwhelming majority of the rewards were not taxable to the Anikeevs, although the decision does address how the Service could potentially reform its policy regarding credit card rewards to prevent the same result in the future.
Continue Reading Making a Point: Tax Court’s Anikeev Decision Challenges Longstanding IRS Policy on Credit Card Rewards

On January 4, 2021, the Internal Revenue Service issued Notice 2021-7 pertaining to the valuation of the personal use of employer-provided vehicles.  The Notice permits employers who rely on the special valuation rule of Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(d), known as the Automobile Lease Valuation (ALV) method, to retroactively apply the vehicle cents-per-mile method of Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(e) for purposes of valuing an employee’s personal use of a company vehicle in 2020.  Due to decreased business use of employer-provided vehicles during the COVID-19 pandemic, the IRS agreed with employers that the application of the ALV method may have resulted in higher income imputation than usual for many employees and that the use of the vehicle cents-per-mile method may provide a “more accurate reflection of the employee’s income . . [,]” particularly in 2020.  The ability to switch from the ALV method to the vehicle cents-per-mile method for 2020 applies only to a vehicle with a fair market value not exceeding $50,400 in 2020 and with respect to which the employer would reasonably have expected its regular use in the employer’s trade or business, were it not for the pandemic.

In addition, Notice 2021-7 provides employers, who switch from the ALV method to the vehicle cents-per-mile method for purposes of calculating personal use of the vehicle in 2020, with the option of continuing to apply the vehicle cents-per-mile method in 2021.  If the employer decides to continue using the vehicle cents-per-mile method in 2021, that method must be used by the employer and employee for all subsequent years, except to the extent the commuting valuation rule applies.  This decision will require employers to carefully evaluate whether the vehicle will continue to meet all of the requirements of Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(e), other than the consistency requirement, and whether the value of the employee’s personal use of the vehicle will actually be calculated more favorably under the vehicle cents-per-mile method as compared to the ALV method, once the pandemic recedes in 2021 and vehicle use increases.
Continue Reading Notice 2021-7 Provides Employers Relief and Potential Opportunities on Valuation of Employer-Provided Vehicles in Light of COVID-19 Pandemic

Yesterday, December 9, the IRS released final regulations implementing the Section 274(a)(4) and 274(l) deduction disallowances, adopted as part of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.  Section 274(a)(4) disallows employer deductions for the cost of providing qualified transportation fringe (“QTF”) benefits provided to employees.  Section 274(l) provides a broader deduction disallowance for expenses paid for, or to reimburse for, employees’ trips between their residences and their places of employment.  Both deduction disallowances took effect for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.

The final regulations largely follow the approach taken in the proposed regulations issued in June, which built on earlier guidance provided in Notice 2018-99.  Treasury Regulation § 1.274-13 addresses the deduction disallowance under section 274(a)(4) for the cost of QTFs provided under section 132(f), such as qualified parking, transit passes, and other tax-free commuting benefits.  Treasury Regulation § 1.274-14 addresses the deduction disallowance under section 274(a).
Continue Reading IRS Issues Final Regulations on Commuting Expenses Deduction Disallowances

Soon, many District of Columbia employers will be subject to a new “parking cash-out” law designed to promote environmentally friendly commuting options, i.e., other than individual commutes by automobile.  At a high-level, parking cash-out laws generally require employers that provide free or subsidized parking to offer to pay employees cash in lieu of the subsidized parking if the employee uses another commuting method. Failure to satisfy the act’s requirements may result in the imposition of civil fines and penalties.

The Transportation Benefits Equity Amendment Act of 2020 (the “Act”) became effective June 24, 2020, but originally contained a funding provision that delayed its operational effect.  Similar legislation has been in place in some areas for over 20 years.  The D.C. Council has since repealed the funding provision, and we expect the Act’s requirements to take effect in mid-November 2020.  The timing of the Act’s adoption has raised some eyebrows, as many employers and employees are seeking ways for employees to commute that avoids crowded public transportation in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

As this post discusses, the Act’s requirements pose difficult compliance questions for employers.  Guidance would be welcome in helping employers implement the Act, and will hopefully be forthcoming soon.  Employers are encouraged to consult with tax and benefits counsel as they evaluate their fringe benefit programs for compliance with the Act.
Continue Reading New D.C. Transportation Benefits Law Creates Potentially Bumpy Road for Employer Compliance